Words, from Shackle (2003:600–601): ghṑṛā ' stallion', sakhī ' girlfriend', ghàr ' house', gall 'thing, matter (being talked about)'.Īdjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. The next table of noun declensions shows the above suffix paradigms in action. base -e-, which is shortened to -i- (phonetically ) before back vowels and is lost before front vowels.' The division between feminine unextendeds and extendeds ending in -ī looks to be now merely an etymological consideration, as there is neither a distinct oblique base nor any morphophonemic considerations. Regarding the masculine, 'the case- morphemes, very similar to those of the unextended declension, are added to the obl. The below tables displays the suffix paradigms, as outlined in Shackle (2003:600–601). Nouns may be further divided into extended and unextended declensional subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented -ā and feminines in -ī. The latter two cases are essentially now vestigial: the ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative postposition, and the locative/instrumental is confined to set adverbial expressions. Punjabi distinguishes two genders, two numbers, and five cases of direct, oblique, vocative, ablative, and locative/ instrumental. See Punjabi phonology for further clarification. ī) followed by its IPA value in forward slashes (ex. The vowels table shows the character used in the article (ex.

Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. Tildes denote nasalized vowels, while grave and acute accents denote low and high tones respectively.

IAST), these are its salient features: subscript dots for retroflex consonants macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels h denoting aspirated plosives. Being 'primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts, based in turn upon Sanskrit' (cf. On this grammar page Punjabi is written in 'standard orientalist' transcription as outlined in Masica (1991:xv). In matters of script, Punjabi uses Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. It has postpositions rather than prepositions. Punjabi has a canonical word order of subject–object–verb.

Verb in gujarati pdf